Chandigarh

In 1947 after the partition of British controlled India into, India and Pakistan, the Punjab region was split between the two newly formed countries. Pakistan retained the traditional capital of Punjab, Lahore; however, the Indian state of Punjab required a new administrative center. Thus the stage was set for the creation of Chandigarh, Jawaharlal Nehru the first Prime Minister of India saw this as an opportunity to showcase a modern India.

Le Corbusier, the pseudonym of Charles-Édouard Jeanneret was a Swiss architect, urban designer, painter, writer, and one of the pioneers of modernist architecture in the early 20th century. Although Le Corbusier was not the first architect/urban designer, Albert Mayer and Matthew Nowicki had that honor; ultimately Le Cobusier’s name would become synonymous with that of Chandigarh.

Le Corbusier ultimately retained many seminal ideas of Mayer and Nowicki; however, Le Corbusier reorganized the plan, to include a series of rectangular sectors which were self-sufficient units within the larger framework of Chandigarh. This post will focus on the sector containing the High Court, Assembly, Secretariat, the Museum and Art Gallery, School of Art and the Lake Club with drawings and sketches by Le Corbusier.

A sketch from Le Corbusier's first meeting with Nehru in 1951

Plan of Chandigarh with High Court, Assembly, Secretariat, the Museum and
Art Gallery, School of Art and the Lake Club

Plan of Museum of Knowledge, Parliament Building, and Palace of Justice

Study sketch by Le Corbusier for the brise-soleil and facades of the Museum of Knowledge

Sketch of the Club House.

Drawing of the Monument of the Open Hand

Public and Private Realms

"It is...suggested that neither object nor space fixation are, in themselves, any longer representative of valuable attitudes. The one may, indeed, characterize the 'new' city and the other the old; but if these are situations which must be transcended rather than emulated, the situation to be hoped for should be recognized as one in which both buildings and spaces exist in an equality of sustained debate. A debate in which victory consists in each component emerging undefeated, the imagined condition is a type of solid-void dialectic which might allow for the joint existence of the overtly planned and the genuinely unplanned, of the set-piece and the accident, of the public and the private, of the state and the individual."

- Colin Rowe & Fred Koetter

Roman London

Map of London with Roman fortifications superimposed with the street grid of present day London.

The early history of London remains shrouded in the clouds of time. One thing is certain, London was founded by the Romans in the First Century AD, however there are two hypotheses, it was founded as a military camp and subsequently a settlement grew around it. Or the second hypothesis, London was founded as a planned town from inception. Regardless of the origin, the natural geography of the area surround London was conducive to the formation of a settlement, which as it were compliments both hypotheses. The hills surrounding the Thames were suited to defense, and the River Fleet to the west added an additional defensive barrier. Most importantly, the Thames was easily navigable and it would be precisely at this area that the Romans would construct a bridge over the Thames. It was at this point where the Thames was narrow enough to span, yet deep enough to handle marine vessels.

Archeological remains of a massive pier base for a roman bridge were discovered in 1981, only yards away from modern day London Bridge. However, one does not need to look underwater for traces of Roman London. It is possible to see the effect of Roman fortifications on the urban fabric of present day London. In the image above it is possible to see how the Roman wall to the North influenced the path of the street grid. Even the names Ludgate, Newgate, Moorgate, Bishopgate, and Aldgate make reference to the original gates of the Roman fortification. It is possible to see this influence throughout present day cities that were once part of the Roman Empire.

Plaza as Town Generator

Map of the Cartagena de Indies (Cartagena, Colombia) recently established and without walls circa 1550. Note the public space beneath the Cathedral and subsequent grid pattern.

Cities constructed by the Spanish Conquistadores made extensive use of a grid pattern, no doubt derived from Roman military planning. Following guidelines set forth in the Laws of the Indies, one of the primary steps in creating a new settlement was the creating of a plaza which in turn became an ordering device for the new settlement.

Here are the specific excerpts from the Laws of the Indies:

112. The main plaza is to be the starting point for the town; if the town is situated on the sea coast, it should be placed at the landing place of the port, but inland it should be at the center of the town. The plaza should be square or rectangular, in which case it should have at least one and a half its width for length inasmuch as this shape is best for fiestas in which horses are used and for any other fiestas that should be held.

113. The size of the plaza shall be proportioned to the number of inhabitants, taking into consideration the fact that in Indian towns, inasmuch as they are new, the intention is that they will increase, and thus the plaza should be decided upon taking into consideration the growth the town may experience. [The Plaza] shall be not less that two hundred feet wide and three hundred feet long, nor larger than eight hundred feet long and five hundred and thirty feet wide. A good proportion is six hundred feet long and four hundred wide.

114. From the plaza shall begin four principal street: One [shall be] from the middle of each side, and two streets from each corner of the plaza; the four corners of the plaza shall face the four principal winds, because in this manner, the streets running from the plaza will not be exposed to the four principal winds, which would cause much inconvenience.

115. Around the plaza as well as along the four principal streets which begin there, there shall be portals, for these are of considerable convenience to the merchants who generally gather there; the eight streets running from the plaza at the four corners shall open on the plaza without encountering these porticoes, which shall be kept back in order that there may be sidewalks even with the streets and plaza.

116. In cold places, the streets shall be wide and in hot places narrow; but for purposes of defense in areas where there are horses, it would be better if they are wide.

117. The streets shall run from the main plaza in such manner that even if the town increases considerably in size, it shall not result in some inconvenience that will make ugly what needed to be rebuilt, or endanger its defense or comfort.

118. Here and there in the town, smaller plazas of good proportion shall be laid out, where the temples associated with the principal church, the parish churches, and the monasteries can be built, [in] such [manner] that everything may be distributed in a good proportion for the instruction of religion.

119. For the temple of the principal church, parish, or monastery, there shall be assigned specific lots; the first after the streets and plazas have been laid out, and these shall be a complete block so as to avoid having other buildings nearby, unless it were for practical or ornamental reasons.

120. The temple of the cathedral [principal church] where the town is situated on the coast shall be built in part so that it may be seen on going out to sea and in a place where its buildings may serve as a means of defense for the port itself.

121. Next, a site and lot shall be assigned for the royal council and cabildo house and for the custom house and arsenal, near the temple, located in such a manner that in times of need the one may aid the other; the hospital for the poor and those sick of noncontagious diseases shall be built near the temple and its cloister; and the hospital for the sick with contagious diseases shall be built in such a way that no harmful wind blowing through it may cause harm to the rest of the town. If the latter be built in an elevated place, so much the better.

122. The site and building lots for slaughter houses, fisheries, tanneries, and other business which produce filth shall be so placed that the filth can easily be disposed of.

123. It shall be of considerable convenience if those towns that are laid out away from seaports, inland, be built if possible on the shore of a navigable river, and attempts should be made to place the town on the side from which the cold north wind blows and that buildings that cause filth be placed on the side of the river or sea below the town.

124. The temple in inland places shall not be placed on the square but at a distance and shall be separated from any other nearby building, or from adjoining buildings, and ought to be seen from all sides so that it can be decorated better, thus acquiring more authority; efforts should be made that it be somewhat raised from ground level in order that it be approached by steps, and near it, next to the main plaza, the royal council and cabildo and customs houses shall be built. [These shall be built] in a manner that would not embarrass the temple but add to its prestige. The hospital for the poor who are not affected by contagious diseases shall be built near the temple and near its cloister, and the [hospital] for contagious diseases shall be built in an area where the cold north wind blows, but arranged in such a way that it may enjoy the south wind.

125. The same plan shall be observed in any inland place without shore, taking considerable care to ascertain the availability of those conveniences that are required.

126. In the plaza, no lots shall be assigned to private individuals; instead, they shall be used for the buildings of the church and royal houses and for city use, but shops and houses for the merchants should be built first, to which all the settlers of the town shall contribute, and a moderate tax shall be imposed on goods so that these buildings may be built.

The Laws of the Indies became so widespread and durable, it is possible to see the urban arrangement of a main plaza with surrounding church and governmental buildings in former Spanish settlements from the southwestern United States to South America.

Gustave Doré, Over London by Rail

Gustave Doré, Over London by Rail c. 1870

Density

“It’s not how dense you make it, it’s how you make it dense”
- Jonathan Barnett

Palacio del Segundo Cabo

Palacio del Segundo Cabo, Havana, Cuba